so … that … 文法|如此……以至於……的英文用法

American Express has some key advantages

One of the things Buffett especially likes about a stock is if it has a competitive moat: an advantage so strong and protected that it is hard for competitors to pierce. As the third-largest credit card company, American Express does indeed have a moat. It is one of just four major credit-card processors, so it operates in a very small pond to begin with.

However, American Express is also unique among its competitors because it has a closed-loop network, meaning it is both the lender and the processor on its own network. Thus, the company makes money on both fees — from swipes, memberships, etc. — and from interest on the loans. Its two larger competitors, Visa (NYSE:V) and Mastercard (NYSE:MA), are not lenders, so they only generate revenue on swipes and other fees.

一、American Express has some key advantages

1. have advantages

American Express has some key advantages.

  • have advantages:具有優勢
  • key advantages:關鍵優勢、主要優勢

這裡的 key 是形容詞,表示「關鍵的、重要的」。

例句:

The company has several key advantages over its competitors.
這家公司相較於競爭對手具有幾項關鍵優勢。

同義詞

  • key advantages → 主要優勢
  • major advantages → 主要優勢
  • significant advantages → 顯著優勢
  • competitive advantages → 競爭優勢
  • strengths → 優勢、強項

二、One of the things Buffett especially likes about a stock is if it has a competitive moat

1. One of the things + 人 + likes

One of the things Buffett especially likes about a stock is if it has a competitive moat.

One of the things + 主詞 + likes 表示「某人喜歡的事情之一是……」。

  • one of the things:其中一件事情
  • Buffett especially likes:巴菲特特別喜歡
  • about a stock:關於一檔股票/一家公司

這裡的 about 可以理解為「對於」。

2. competitive moat

competitive moat:競爭護城河

這是投資英文中非常重要的詞。

moat 原本是「護城河」,在投資語境中指企業可以長期保護自己、阻止競爭對手侵蝕市場地位的優勢。

同義詞

  • competitive moat → 競爭護城河
  • economic moat → 經濟護城河
  • competitive advantage → 競爭優勢
  • durable competitive advantage → 持久的競爭優勢
  • sustainable competitive advantage → 可持續的競爭優勢

三、an advantage so strong and protected that it is hard for competitors to pierce

這一句是在進一步解釋 competitive moat。

an advantage so strong and protected that it is hard for competitors to pierce

1. so + 形容詞 + that…

這是非常重要的英文句型:

so + adjective + that + 子句

表示:

如此……以至於……

這裡:

so strong and protected that…

= 如此強大且受到保護,以至於……

2. hard for someone to…

it is hard for competitors to pierce

結構:

It is + adjective + for + 人 + to + 動詞

表示「對某人而言做某事很……」。

It is difficult for competitors to copy.
對競爭對手而言很難模仿。

3. pierce

pierce 原意是「刺穿、穿透」。

在 competitive moat 的語境中:

pierce a moat

可以理解為「突破/攻破護城河」。

這裡不是單純的物理上的「刺穿」。

同義詞

  • pierce → 穿透、突破
  • penetrate → 滲透、突破
  • overcome → 克服
  • break through → 突破
  • breach → 突破、防線被攻破

四、As the third-largest credit card company, American Express does indeed have a moat

1. As + 身分/角色

As the third-largest credit card company, American Express…

這裡的 as 表示「作為」。

As the third-largest credit card company
作為全球第三大的信用卡公司

這是一個介系詞片語,放在句首,用來補充主詞 American Express 的身分。

2. third-largest

third-largest:第三大的

這是序數 + 最高級:

  • largest → 最大的
  • second-largest → 第二大的
  • third-largest → 第三大的
  • fourth-largest → 第四大的

3. does indeed have

American Express does indeed have a moat.

正常句子可以說:

American Express has a moat.

但作者使用:

does indeed have

是為了強調。

do/does + 原形動詞除了疑問句、否定句之外,也可以用於肯定句強調。

American Express does have a moat.

= American Express 確實具有護城河。

indeed 進一步表示「確實、的確」。

同義詞

  • indeed → 確實、的確
  • actually → 實際上
  • certainly → 當然、確實
  • truly → 真正地

五、It is one of just four major credit-card processors

1. one of + 複數名詞

one of just four major credit-card processors

這是非常常見的句型:

one of + 複數名詞

表示:

……之一
one of the largest companies
最大的公司之一

one of the most profitable businesses
最賺錢的企業之一

2. just four

just 在這裡表示「僅僅、只有」。

just four
只有四家

因此:

one of just four major credit-card processors

= 僅有四家主要信用卡處理商之一

3. credit-card processor

credit-card processor:信用卡處理商/信用卡支付處理商

  • credit card → 信用卡
  • processor → 處理商

同義詞

processor

  • payment processor → 支付處理商
  • payment service provider → 支付服務提供商
  • transaction processor → 交易處理商

六、so it operates in a very small pond to begin with

1. so

so it operates…

這裡的 so 是連接詞,表示「因此、所以」。

前面說 American Express 是四大信用卡處理商之一:

It is one of just four major credit-card processors, so…

因此……

2. operate in

operate in a very small pond

operate in:在……領域/市場中經營

The company operates in several different markets.
這家公司在幾個不同市場經營。

3. a very small pond

a small pond 原意是「小池塘」。

這裡是比喻。

operate in a very small pond

表示「在一個非常小的競爭市場中運作」。

也就是競爭者數量很少。

4. to begin with

to begin with:一開始、首先;原本就

這裡比較接近:

本來就/一開始就

所以:

it operates in a very small pond to begin with.
它本來就在一個非常小的競爭市場中運作。

同義詞

  • to begin with → 一開始、本來
  • initially → 起初
  • from the outset → 從一開始
  • in the first place → 首先、本來

七、However, American Express is also unique among its competitors

1. However

However:然而、不過

用來表示轉折。

前面說 American Express 有護城河,接下來進一步指出它還有另一個特殊優勢。

2. unique among

unique among its competitors

unique among + 群體

表示:

在……之中是獨特的
  • unique → 獨特的
  • competitors → 競爭對手
American Express is unique among its competitors.
American Express 在競爭對手之中具有獨特性。

同義詞

  • unique → 獨特的
  • distinctive → 有特色的、獨特的
  • exceptional → 非凡的
  • different → 不同的
  • unlike its competitors → 不同於其競爭對手

八、because it has a closed-loop network

1. because

because:因為

引導原因子句:

because it has a closed-loop network

= 因為它擁有封閉式網路

2. closed-loop network

closed-loop network:封閉式網路

這是金融/支付產業的重要詞彙。

closed-loop 可以理解為「封閉式、閉環式」。

這裡指 American Express 自己同時掌握發卡/放貸與交易處理等環節。

九、meaning it is both the lender and the processor on its own network

1. meaning…

meaning it is both the lender and the processor…

meaning + 子句

可以理解為:

意味著……
也就是說……

這裡的 meaning 是現在分詞,用來補充說明前面的 closed-loop network。

2. both A and B

both the lender and the processor

這是非常重要的句型:

both A and B

= A 和 B 兩者都……

這裡:

both the lender and the processor
同時是放款方和處理商

3. lender

lender:放款人、貸款機構

來自:

  • lend → 借出、放款
  • lender → 放款方

相關字:

  • borrow → 借入
  • borrower → 借款人
  • lend → 借出、放款
  • lender → 放款方

4. processor

processor:處理商

在支付產業中:

payment processor
支付處理商

十、Thus, the company makes money on both fees — from swipes, memberships, etc. — and from interest on the loans

1. Thus

Thus:因此、所以

比 so 更正式,財經文章非常常見。

同義詞

  • thus → 因此
  • therefore → 因此
  • consequently → 因此、結果
  • as a result → 因此、結果

2. make money on

makes money on both fees and…

make money on + 名詞

表示:

從……賺錢/靠……獲利
The company makes money on advertising.
這家公司靠廣告賺錢。

3. both A and B

這裡再次使用 both…and…:

both fees … and interest on the loans

= 手續費以及貸款利息兩方面

4. fees

fees:費用、手續費

在金融業常見:

  • transaction fees → 交易手續費
  • membership fees → 會員費
  • processing fees → 處理費
  • service fees → 服務費

十一、from swipes, memberships, etc.

1. swipe

swipes

在信用卡語境中,swipe 指刷卡交易。

card swipe
刷卡

因此:

fees from swipes
刷卡交易產生的費用

2. memberships

memberships:會員資格/會員費收入

American Express 有會員制度,因此可以透過會員相關費用產生收入。

3. etc.

etc. = et cetera

表示:

等等、以及其他類似項目

十二、interest on the loans

1. interest on

interest on the loans

interest on + 名詞

表示:

……的利息
interest on debt
債務利息

interest on loans
貸款利息

2. loans

loan:貸款

  • loan → 貸款
  • lend → 放款、借出
  • borrow → 借入

十三、Its two larger competitors, Visa and Mastercard, are not lenders

1. two larger competitors

larger 是比較級。

its two larger competitors

= 它的兩個規模更大的競爭對手

這裡不是說「最大的兩個」,而是表示相較於 American Express,Visa 和 Mastercard 規模更大。

2. 同位語

Its two larger competitors, Visa and Mastercard, are not lenders.

其中:

Visa and Mastercard

是 Its two larger competitors 的同位語。

也就是:

它的兩個規模更大的競爭對手——Visa 和 Mastercard——並不是放款方。

這種「名詞,補充說明,」的結構在財經英文中非常常見。

3. are not lenders

lenders

= 放款方、貸款機構

這裡與前面的:

the lender

形成對比。

American Express 是 lender,而 Visa、Mastercard 不是。

十四、so they only generate revenue on swipes and other fees

1. generate revenue

generate revenue:產生營收/創造收入

這是財經英文非常重要的搭配。

The company generates revenue from advertising.
這家公司從廣告產生營收。

同義詞

  • generate revenue → 產生營收
  • earn revenue → 賺取收入
  • produce revenue → 創造收入
  • bring in revenue → 帶來收入
  • generate income → 產生收入

2. only

only:只、僅

only generate revenue

= 只能產生營收

3. on swipes and other fees

on swipes and other fees

表示營收來源:

來自刷卡交易和其他費用。

十五、這段最值得學的片語

英文 中文意思
key advantages 關鍵優勢
competitive moat 競爭護城河
so…that… 如此……以至於……
hard for someone to… 對某人而言很難……
third-largest 第三大的
does indeed 確實、的確
one of… ……之一
credit-card processor 信用卡處理商
operate in 在……市場/領域中經營
to begin with 一開始、本來
unique among 在……之中獨特
closed-loop network 封閉式網路
both A and B A 和 B 兩者都
make money on 從……賺錢
interest on loans 貸款利息
generate revenue 產生營收

十六、這段最值得學的同義詞

competitive advantage

  • competitive moat
  • economic moat
  • durable competitive advantage
  • sustainable competitive advantage
  • business advantage

generate revenue

  • earn revenue
  • produce revenue
  • bring in revenue
  • generate income

unique

  • distinctive
  • exceptional
  • different
  • unlike its competitors

thus

  • therefore
  • consequently
  • as a result

to begin with

  • initially
  • from the outset
  • in the first place

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

發佈留言

發佈留言必須填寫的電子郵件地址不會公開。 必填欄位標示為 *